After a doctor or medical professional has given a diagnosis of the specific thyroid problem faced by the patient, different treatment options may become available.

Three main methods of thyroid disease treatment include:

Medical treatment

Hypothyroidism patients may be given a stereoisomer of thyroxine. Graves' disease patients may receive thioamides. Hyperthyroidism and thyroid tumors may receive radioactive iodine treatment. Percutaneous ethanol injections (PEI) may be used against recurring thyroid cysts and thyroid cancer in the lymph nodes.

Surgery

A thyroid nodule or lobe may be removed in some cases of adenoma. A majority of the thyroid may be removed to treat Graves' disease or to remove a goiter. In the circumstance of thyroid cancer, the whole thyroid with associated lymph nodes may be removed (thyroidectomy).

Radioiodine therapy

Radioiodine therapy may be used to combat large goiters, when cancer is not involved. If iodine deficiency is present, which is common in some countries, then the iodine uptake may be higher.